> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://sahibyar.gitbook.io/effective-cpp-summary/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://sahibyar.gitbook.io/effective-cpp-summary/chapter-2-constructors-destructors-and-assignment-operators.md).

# Chapter 2 - Constructors, Destructors, and Assignment Operators

Almost every class you write will have one or more constructors, a destructor, and a copy assignment operator. Little wonder. These are your bread-and-butter functions, the ones that control the fundamental operations of bringing a new object into existence and making sure it’s initialized, getting rid of an object and making sure it’s properly cleaned up, and giving an object a new value. Making mistakes in these functions will lead to far-reaching — and unpleasant — repercussions throughout your classes, so it’s vital that you get them right. In this chapter, I offer guidance on putting together the functions that comprise the backbone of well-formed classes.

[**Item 5:**](https://sahibyar.gitbooks.io/effective-cpp-summary/content/chapter-2-constructors-destructors-and-assignment-operators/item-5.html) **Know what functions C++ silently writes a calls.**

[**Item 6:**](https://sahibyar.gitbooks.io/effective-cpp-summary/content/chapter-2-constructors-destructors-and-assignment-operators/item-6.html) **Explicitly disallow the use of compiler-generated functions you do not want.**

[**Item 7:**](https://sahibyar.gitbooks.io/effective-cpp-summary/content/chapter-2-constructors-destructors-and-assignment-operators/item-7.html) **Declare destructors virtual in polymorphic base classes.**

[**Item 8:**](https://sahibyar.gitbooks.io/effective-cpp-summary/content/chapter-2-constructors-destructors-and-assignment-operators/item-8.html) **Prevent exceptions from leaving destructors.**

[**Item 9:**](https://sahibyar.gitbooks.io/effective-cpp-summary/content/chapter-2-constructors-destructors-and-assignment-operators/item-9.html) **Never call virtual functions during construction or destruction.**

[**Item 10:**](https://sahibyar.gitbooks.io/effective-cpp-summary/content/chapter-2-constructors-destructors-and-assignment-operators/item-10.html) **Have assignment operators return a reference to `*this`.**

[**Item 11:**](https://sahibyar.gitbooks.io/effective-cpp-summary/content/chapter-2-constructors-destructors-and-assignment-operators/item-11.html) **Handle assignment to self in `operator=`.**

[**Item 12:**](https://sahibyar.gitbooks.io/effective-cpp-summary/content/chapter-2-constructors-destructors-and-assignment-operators/item-12.html) **Copy all parts of an object.**


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